Fever

Heale Medical Primary Care

Fever: Overview

Fever, or pyrexia, is a temporary increase in body temperature, often in response to an infection or illness. It is part of the body’s immune response, helping to fight off pathogens like viruses and bacteria. Normal body temperature typically ranges from 97°F (36.1°C) to 99°F (37.2°C), and fever is generally defined as a temperature above 100.4°F (38°C).

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Causes of Fever

1. Infections
   • Viral (e.g., flu, COVID-19, dengue).
   • Bacterial (e.g., strep throat, urinary tract infections).
   • Parasitic (e.g., malaria).
2. Inflammatory Conditions
   • Autoimmune disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus).
   • Inflammatory responses like those in tissue injuries.
3. Heat-Related Illnesses
   • Heat exhaustion or heatstroke due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures.
4. Medications
   • Drug reactions or withdrawal can trigger fever (e.g., antibiotics, antihistamines).
5. Vaccinations
   • Fever can be a mild side effect of immunizations as the immune system responds.
6. Chronic Conditions
   • Cancer (e.g., leukemia, lymphoma).
   • Endocrine disorders (e.g., hyperthyroidism).

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Symptoms Associated with Fever

• Common Symptoms:
  • Sweating.
  • Chills and shivering.
  • Headache.
  • Muscle aches.
  • Fatigue.
  • Loss of appetite.
• Severe Symptoms (Seek Medical Attention):
  • Persistent high fever above 103°F (39.4°C).
  • Confusion or difficulty breathing.
  • Stiff neck, seizures, or severe headache.
  • Rash or unexplained bleeding.
  • Dehydration symptoms (e.g., dry mouth, reduced urine output).

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Diagnosis of Fever

1. Temperature Measurement
   • Using a thermometer (oral, ear, rectal, or forehead).
   • Rectal measurements are the most accurate for young children.
2. Medical History
   • Reviewing recent illnesses, travel, vaccinations, and medication use.
3. Laboratory Tests
   • Blood tests, urine tests, or imaging may be required for prolonged or unexplained fever.

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Treatment of Fever

1. Self-Care for Mild Fever

• Rest and Hydration: Stay well-rested and drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.
• Cool Environment: Wear light clothing and keep the room cool. Use a damp cloth to reduce body temperature.

2. Medications

• Antipyretics:
  • Acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil) to reduce fever and alleviate discomfort.
  • Avoid aspirin in children due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome.

3. Addressing the Underlying Cause

• Antibiotics for Bacterial Infections: Only if prescribed by a doctor for conditions like strep throat or pneumonia.
• Antivirals for Viral Infections: In specific cases like influenza or severe viral conditions.
• Anti-Malarial or Anti-Parasitic Drugs: If fever is due to conditions like malaria.

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When to Seek Medical Attention

1. Infants and Young Children:
   • Fever in a baby under 3 months of age.
   • Fever lasting more than 24 hours in a child under 2 years.
2. Prolonged Fever:
   • Fever persisting beyond 3 days in adults or children.
3. Severe Symptoms:
   • Breathing difficulties, confusion, or persistent vomiting.
   • Rash, severe headache, or neck stiffness.
4. Fever After Travel:
   • Especially if associated with malaria-prone regions.

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Complications of Fever

• Febrile Seizures: Common in children with rapidly rising temperatures.
• Dehydration: Due to excessive sweating or reduced fluid intake.
• Heatstroke: If fever is caused by prolonged exposure to high heat.

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Prevention

• Vaccination: Prevent infections like flu or measles that can cause fever.
• Good Hygiene: Wash hands frequently and avoid contact with sick individuals.
• Healthy Lifestyle: Maintain a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep to boost immunity.

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Conclusion

Fever is usually a symptom of an underlying condition and serves as the body’s defense mechanism. While most fevers resolve with self-care, persistent or severe cases require medical evaluation. Proper diagnosis and timely treatment ensure the underlying cause is addressed and complications are prevented.